Sci. Report 44- PICES - North Pacific Marine Science Organization

Report 44 (August 2013)

Report of Working Group 24 on Environmental Interactions of Marine Aquaculture


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Acknowledgements				vii
Abbreviations and Acronyms				ix
Executive Summary				xiii

1.	Assessing Environmental Interactions of Marine Aquaculture: A Review of Long- and Short-Term, Nearand Far-Field Effects of Marine Aquaculture on Benthic Communities, Including Chemical and Physical Changes, and Rates of Ecosystem Recovery in PICES Member Countries			1
	1.1	Overview		1
	1.2	Canada		2
		1.2.1	Overview	2
		1.2.2	Fish Culture	2
		1.2.3	Shellfish Culture	6
		1.2.4	Marine Algae Culture	7
		1.2.5	Polyculture/Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture	7
		1.2.6	Discussion, Analysis, and Recommendations	8
		1.2.7	References	8
	1.3	Japan		10
		1.3.1	Overview	10
		1.3.2	Fish Culture	10
		1.3.3	Shellfish Culture	11
		1.3.4	Marine Algae Culture	13
		1.3.5	Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture	13
		1.3.6	Conclusions and Recommendations	14
		1.3.7	References	14
	1.4	Republic of Korea		17
		1.4.1	Overview	17
		1.4.2	Fish Culture	19
		1.4.3	Shellfish Culture	21
		1.4.4	Marine Algae Culture	21
		1.4.5	Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture	22
		1.4.6	Conclusions	22
		1.4.7	References	23
	1.5	Russia		25
		1.5.1	Overview	25
		1.5.2	Fish Culture	25
		1.5.3	Shellfish Culture	25
		1.5.4	References	27
	1.6	United States of America		28
		1.6.1	Overview	28
		1.6.2	Fish Culture	28
		1.6.3	Shellfish Culture	31
		1.6.4	Marine Algae Culture	35
		1.6.5	Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture	35
		1.6.6	Conclusions and Recommendations	36

2.	Marine Aquaculture Legislative Frameworks and Environmental Interactions Research in PICES Member Countries			41
	2.1	Overview		41
	2.2	Canada		41
		2.2.1	Legislative Framework for Risk Assessment of Aquaculture	41
		2.2.2	Research to Support Sustainable Aquaculture	44
	2.3	Japan		45
		2.3.1	Legislative Framework for Risk Assessment of Aquaculture	45
		2.3.2	Current Status of Research on Environmental Assessment of Aquaculture	47
		2.3.3	References	48
	2.4	Republic of Korea		50
		2.4.1	Legislative Framework for Risk Assessment of Aquaculture	50
	2.5	Russia		53
		2.5.1	Legislative Framework for Risk Assessment of Aquaculture	53
		2.5.2	Research to Support Sustainable Aquaculture	53
		2.5.3	References	54
	2.6	United States of America		55
			Legislative Framework for Risk Assessment of Aquaculture	55
			Current Status of Research on Environmental Assessment of Aquaculture	56
			References	59

3.	Pathogens of Aquatic Animals: Detection, Diagnosis and Risks of Interactions between Wild and Farmed Populations in PICES Member Countries			63
	3.1	Overview		63
	3.2	Canada		63
		3.2.1	Pathogens of Importance to Wild and Cultured Aquatic Animals in Canada	63
		3.2.2	Regulations/Rules Regarding Aquatic Animal Health	65
		3.2.3	National and/or Regional Programs Related to the Diagnosis and Control of Diseases of Aquatic Animals	65
		3.2.4	Methods Used for the Identification and Detection of Pathogens of Concern	66
		3.2.5	Canadian National Reference Laboratories	67
		3.2.6	Perceived or Realized Risks Associated with the Transfer of Pathogens between Wild and Farmed Hosts	68
		3.2.7	Conclusions	69
	3.3	Japan		70
		3.3.1	Current State of Fish Diseases in Japan	70
		3.3.2	National Regulation Framework for Fish Disease Control in Japan	70
		3.3.3	System of Diagnosis and Control of Aquatic Animal Disease Occurrences in Japan	73
		3.3.4	Establishment and Dissemination of Diagnostic Methods	74
		3.3.5	Case Studies of Aquatic Animal Diseases between Wild and Cultured Populations	74
		3.3.6	References	75
	3.4	Republic of Korea		76
		3.4.1	Status of Fish Diseases in Korea	76
		3.4.2	System of Diagnosis and Control of Aquatic Animals	77
		3.4.3	Fish Vaccine Development in Korea	77
		3.4.4	Monitoring of Wild Marine Fish in Korea	78
		3.4.5	National Regulation for Control of Aquatic Animal Diseases	79
		3.4.6	Bibliography	80
	3.5	Russia		82
		3.5.1	Regulatory Framework for Aquatic Organisms Health in Russia	82
		3.5.2	Aquatic Animal Diseases in Russia	82
		3.5.3	Conclusion	83
	3.6	United States of America		84
		3.6.1	Regulatory Framework for Fish Health in the United States	84
		3.6.2	Laboratory Diagnostics	85
		3.6.3	Current State of Fish Diseases in the United States	85
		3.6.4	Disease Interactions between Wild and Farmed Fish	86

4.	Summary and Recommendations			89

Appendix 1			WG 24 Terms of Reference	91
Appendix 2			WG 24 Membership	92
Appendix 3			WG 24 Annual Reports and Topic Session/Workshop Summaries	95
Appendix 4			PICES Press Article	120

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